In this exercise, you are given six boxes inside a container:

![boxed containers](https://res.cloudinary.com/dwppkb069/image/upload/v1684450841/tutorials/images-08.1_Exercise4_Intro.mp4/081_exercise4_intro_2_00-11400-but-we-have-six-boxes-in-a-container_zwdz3w.png)

## Challenge

Your task is to update the CSS to create the following layout:

![three column layout](https://res.cloudinary.com/dwppkb069/image/upload/v1684450842/tutorials/images-08.1_Exercise4_Intro.mp4/081_exercise4_intro_4_00-21240-now-this-layout-is-a-three-column-layout-where-each-column-is-exactly-the-same-size_rsjfdy.png)

Here are the specifications:

- 3 columns, each with the same size.
- 2 rows, where the top row is twice as large as the bottom row.
- The columns and rows should grow and shrink according to the container's size.

You don't need to touch the HTML file, and you should only write CSS to style the grid container!

Create a three-column layout with equal-sized columns and two rows. The top row should be twice as large as the bottom row. The layout should be responsive.


## Enable Grid

The first step is to set the display to grid:

```css
display: grid;
```

## Create Equal Columns

We want three equally sized columns that fill the container.

Pixels won't scale properly, and using a percentage of 33.333% is kind of a pain.

The better solution is to use fractional units:

```css
grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
```

This divides the space horizontally into three fractions and creates columns one fraction each.

![rows screenshot](https://res.cloudinary.com/dwppkb069/image/upload/v1684450842/tutorials/images-08.2_Exercise4_Solution.mp4/082_exercise4_solution_8_01-05100-then-we-have-our-rows_xbp6xo.png)

## Creating rows with different heights

For the rows, the first row should be twice as tall as the second row.

Like before, we could use 66.666% and 33.333%, but it would be better to use fractional units to achieve this:

```css
grid-template-rows: 2fr 1fr;
```

![screenshot](https://res.cloudinary.com/dwppkb069/image/upload/v1684450844/tutorials/images-08.2_Exercise4_Solution.mp4/082_exercise4_solution_15_01-36700-and-thats-it_hxak97.png)

This divides the space vertically into three fractions, allocating two fractions to the first row and one fraction to the second row.

## Final result

With this setup, we maintain three equally sized columns and the desired row heights, no matter how wide the page or container is.

```css
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
grid-template-rows: 2fr 1fr;
```

That's it! You've successfully created a responsive CSS grid layout with equal columns and rows of different heights.

Define a Three-Column, Two-Row Grid

[0:00] OK. Let's get started. As always, the first thing we need to do is set display to grid. Then let's work on the column side of things. We want three equally sized columns -- grid-template-columns. Note, of course, the width is no longer hard-coded as 500 pixels or 1,000 pixels. We don't know how wide it's going to be, meaning we can't use pixels.

[0:23] I can't say 200px 200px 200px. I guess they're equally sized, but they're not going to take up the full width of the container. That's not what I want. What I want instead is three columns that are exactly the same size that fill that container. One option would be to do 33-and-a-third percent three different times. That will work. It's just a pain. As you can see, it works just fine.

[0:50] The much better solution is to use fractional units -- 1fr 1fr 1fr -- meaning divide the space horizontally into three fractions and create columns one fraction each. Then we have our rows -- grid-template-rows. The first row is twice as tall as the second row as the instructions say. Again, we could use percentages -- 66.6666 percent. Then the second row would be 33.333 percent.

[1:19] That adds up to 100. That will work. This one is twice as tall. It's messy having to deal with percentages. The much better solution is to use fractions once again. Divided into three fractions, two of them go to the first row. One of them goes to the second row. That's it. As you can see, we maintain the three equally sized columns no matter how wide the page is or the container is. The same thing goes for our rows. OK.

Implement a Layout with Fractional Units

[0:00] It's time for another exercise. This time I'm providing you with another set of boxes in a container. Some are purple, some are blue. The color doesn't really matter. We have six boxes in a container. You don't need to touch the HTML file. What I'd like you to do is generate this layout.

[0:16] Now, this layout is a three-column layout where each column is exactly the same size. Then we have a two-row layout where the top row is twice as large as the bottom row. There's no pixels involved here. You could call it responsive. As you can see, the columns will grow as will the rows grow and shrink.

[0:37] This row is always half the size as this row. Then this column is always the same size as this one and this one. What I'd like you to do is write the CSS to make that work. As always, ignore the no-touching zone. You don't need to touch any of that. Write your code down here to style the grid container.

Creating CSS layouts that behave as expected no matter the viewport size used to be a frustrating, time-consuming experience.
But thanks to CSS Grid, these headaches are a thing of the past!
Through a series of concise lectures and hands-on exercises, this comprehensive tutorial will guide you through everything you need to know about creating responsive layouts for all of your web applications.

## CSS Grid Basics

Dive right into CSS Grid! You'll learn how to enable grid, define basic layouts, and use DevTools overlays to help plan and debug grid lines and areas.

## Units and Utilities

Pixels are precise, but can lead to annoying calculations. Luckily CSS Grid supports alternatives like percentages and fractional units that can be combined to create more complex layouts without having to do math. Useful shorthand properties and helpful functions are also introduced.
## Positioning Elements by Lines
Learn to take a more specific approach to creating layouts by specifying the lines where elements should be placed.

## Grid Areas

When the layout you're implementing is too complex for specifying lines, grid areas are the way to go. In this section you'll learn to visualize your layout as you create named areas, including support for empty spaces.

## The Implicit Grid

You've seen a few ways to explicitly define layouts. Now it's time to look behind the scenes at the implicit grid. Understanding this behavior allows you to change the default placement algorithm and support dynamic layouts.

## Creating Responsive Grids

Up until now the layouts we've created have been meant for larger computer screens. In this section you'll practice creating grid layouts that seamlessly adjust to different viewport sizes with help from media queries and useful CSS Grid functions.

## Building an Example Layout

To wrap up the CSS Grid tutorial, follow along as a common layout is built step-by-step following the "mobile first" approach.


Learn how to activate CSS Grid for a container element and the difference between 'display: grid' and 'display: inline-grid'.

Enabling CSS Grid

The grid developer tools available in modern browsers allow you to visually inspect your CSS grids with overlays and track lines.

Visualize CSS Grid with DevTools

The `grid-template-columns` property is used to define column widths within a grid container in CSS Grid.

Define CSS Grid Columns with grid-template-columns

Practice defining columns by converting a single-column layout into an evenly sized three-column grid.

Implement a Three-Column Layout

Converting a Single-Column Layout

The `grid-template-rows` property is used to define rows within a CSS Grid container.

Define CSS Grid Rows with grid-template-rows

Practice changing the appearance of a layout without changing its markup.

Specifying Row Heights

Adjust Row Heights in an Existing Layout

The `grid-template-columns` and `grid-template-rows` properties can both be added to create more complex layouts.

Combining Rows and Columns to Create Layouts

Defining Row and Column Sizes

Practice Creating a Two-Column, Three-Row Layout

Colorful boxes help demonstrate CSS Grid concepts, but using paragraph text provides a more realistic example.

Paragraph Layout with CSS Grid

CSS Grid Basics

Using Percentage Units

Percentages are easier than pixels, but even they can reach a limit. Fractional units provide a flexible approach to layouts.

Simplify Grid Layouts with Fraction Units

You aren't stuck with just one unit when defining a grid. Mixing units allows for more complex layouts.

Mixing Fractions and Pixels

CSS Grid's `repeat` function is a time saving way to define your layouts.

Simplify Layout Definitions with repeat

Practice using fractional units and the `repeat` function by implementing a checkerboard layout.

Use Fractional Units and repeat to Define a Layout 

Implement a Checkerboard Layout

So far we've been defining rows and columns manually. The `grid-template` shorthand allows us to define both at once.

Save Time with the grid-template Shorthand

CSS Grid supports adding gaps between rows and columns, allowing you to put visual space between elements.

Adding Gaps between Rows and Columns

Implement a 3x7 Grid Layout

Practice Using Shorthand Properties and Gaps

Units and Utilities

Items in a grid can be positioned based on column and row lines in the grid.

Positioning with Grid Lines

Using the `grid-column-start` property allows you to set where items in the grid should begin.

Specify the Column Start Position 

In this exercise, you'll practice moving an element using line numbers.

Moving an Element to a New Column

Setting an Element's Column Position

Just as you can specify the column start, you can set the row start.

Specify the Row Start Position

In this exercise you are tasked with moving an element to a specific location.

Positioning with grid-column-start and grid-row-start

Practice Positioning Elements

In addition to specifying the start lines, we can specify where an element should end.

Specify the End Line

Test your understanding by reproducing a given layout.

Positioning Across Multiple Rows & Columns with Span

Practice Moving and Spanning Grid Items

So far we've been specifying columns and rows manually. CSS Grid offers a shorthand syntax that will save you some keystrokes.

Grid Column and Row Shorthand

Use the grid row and column shorthand to position multiple boxes in a layout.

Positioning with Shorthand

Practice Shorthand Positioning

The `grid-area` property gives us another way to position an element using grid lines.

Positioning an Element with grid-area

Using the span Keyword to Position Elements

Test what you've learned so far by duplicating a layout using shorthand syntax and the span keyword.

Specific Placement with Shorthand Properties and Span

Practice Duplicating a Layout with Shorthand Properties and Span

Until now we've been counting grid numbers. CSS Grid allows you to add names to lines, then position items accordingly.

Customize Grid Line Names

Positioning Elements by Lines

So far we've primarily used numbers when defining layouts. Before we look at an alternative, let's build the layout that will be reproduced.

Building an Example Layout with Numbered Columns and Rows

Using what you've learned so far, practice using CSS Grid to create a web page layout.

Web Page Layout Solution

Practice Creating a Web Page Layout

CSS Grid's `grid-template-areas` property allows you to assign names to the areas between track lines.

Naming Areas of the Grid

Once you've named your grid areas, you can assign elements to use that space.

Assigning Elements to Named Grid Areas

Recreate a layout using named areas instead of line numbers.

Recreate a Layout Using Named Grid Areas

Practice Using Grid Template Areas

From just a visual of a layout, you can reason about how the grid areas should be defined.

Creating a Complex Layout with Grid Areas

CSS Grid allows you to leave an empty space in your grid layout, while specifying how other elements flow.

Leaving Empty Spaces in Grid Template Areas

Grid Areas

So far we've explicitly specified the behavior of our grid layouts. However, there is also implicit grid behavior that affects how content is placed.

Understanding the Implicit Grid in CSS Grid

Test your understanding of the implicit grid by recreating a layout that dynamically supports any number of elements.

Dynamically Setting Row Heights in a Layout

Create a Dynamic Grid with Equally Sized Boxes

The `grid-auto-flow` property can be used to change the default direction of element placement in CSS Grid.

Changing the Default Placement Algorithm

The `dense` modifier keyword tells CSS Grid to pack elements into the grid.

Row Dense and Column Dense Auto Flow

Test your understanding of how to modify the behavior of grid elements.

Change Grid Content Flow

Grid Direction Exercise

In addition to rows, column behavior in the implicit grid can be modified.

Grid Auto Columns and the Implicit Grid

The Implicit Grid

CSS Grid's `minmax` function allows you to define minimum and maximum sizes for grid items.

Specify Ranges with the minmax Function

Combining `repeat` function works well with `minmax` to define flexible layouts without the constraints of hard-coded values.

Combining minmax with repeat to Define Layouts

Test your understanding by recreating a given layout.

Specify a Minimum Column Size with minmax

Practice Recreating a Minimum Size Layout

Media queries can be used to define grid behavior when the viewport reaches a given size.

Define a Responsive Grid with Media Queries

CSS Grid can responsively resize and reorder elements as the screen size changes.

Responsively Changing Grid Template Areas

Test your understanding of media queries and `grid-template-areas` to make a layout reponsive

Updating a Layout to be Responsive

Practice Implementing Responsive Grid Template Areas

The `auto-fit` feature in CSS Grid allows you to create a layout that adapts to different screen sizes without the need for media queries.

Automatic Responsiveness with Auto Fit

Test your understanding by recreating a layout that adapts to different screen sizes.

Defining Grid Template Columns with Auto Fit

Practice Defining a Responsive Layout

The `auto-fit` and `auto-fill` features in CSS Grid have similar names and functionality, but there are some nuances to their behavior.

Comparing auto-fill and auto-fit

Creating Responsive Grids

An overview of one of the most common page layouts and how it behaves at different viewport sizes.

Overview of a Common Layout

We'll start by implementing the layout as a mobile-style single column layout.

Defining a Single-Column Layout

Moving on, we'll add a media query to shift the layout to use two columns.

Adding a Two-Column Layout

With the smaller viewport layouts taken care of, we'll implement a layout for large screen sizes.

Adding a Large Screen Layout

In this example we'll look at implementing a responsive layout that supports cards of different sizes without writing media queries.

Transcript

Implement a Layout with Fractional Units

Challenge

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